JAMES E. VAN BLARICUM
Conductor casing is installed first, usually prior to the arrival of the drilling rig. The hole for conductor casing is often drilled with a small auger drill, mounted on the back of a truck. Conductor casing, which is usually no more than 20 to 50 feet long, is installed to prevent the top of the well from caving in and to help in the process of circulating the drilling fluid up from the bottom of the well. Onshore, this casing is usually 16 to 20 inches in diameter while offshore casing usually measures 30 to 42 inches. The conductor casing is cemented into place before drilling begins.
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Oligocene - Third division of Tertiary period spanning an interval from about 40 to 25 million years ago.
When I am behind the wheel, how can I get more miles per gallon?
Aromatics - Class of hydrocarbons that have at least one benzene ring as part of their structure. Generally describes benzene and benzene derivatives.(james e van blaricum)
Cretaceous - Period of geological time about 144 - 65 million years ago.
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Natural gas pipelines are subject to regulatory oversight, which in many ways determines the manner in which pipeline companies must operate.
Throughout the 1990s, these factors and the low cost of natural gas helpedlead to increased investment in facilities using natural gas.For example, the vast majority of new electricity generationcapacity built in the United States in the past decade has beennatural gas-fired. However, for the last five to seven years, the price of natural gas has been trending upward .
Plateau - Level of peak oil or gas field production; it is always followed by declining level of production.(signal oil & gas company)
Substructure - Support form of an offshore installation on which derrick, engines, helicopter pad, cranes, etc. are installed.
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Jurassic - Period of geological time about 213 - 144 million years ago.
Value Added Tax (VAT) - Introduced at 8% on UK domestic fuel and power in April 1994.
While some of the needed processing can be accomplished at or near the wellhead (field processing), the complete processing of natural gas takes place at a processing plant, usually located in a natural gas producing region. The extracted natural gas is transported to these processing plants through a network of gathering pipelines, which are small-diameter, low pressure pipes. A complex gathering system can consist of thousands of miles of pipes, interconnecting the processing plant to upwards of 100 wells in the area. According to the American Gas Association's Gas Facts 2000, there was an estimated 36,100 miles of gathering system pipelines in the U.S. in 1999.(signal oil and gas company)
Sand exclusion completions are designed for production in an area that contains a large amount of loose sand. These completions are designed to allow for the flow of natural gas and oil into the well, but at the same time prevent sand from entering the well. Sand inside the well hole can cause many complications, including erosion of casing and other equipment. The most common method of keeping sand out of the well hole are screening, or filtering systems. This includes analyzing the sand experienced in the formation and installing a screen or filter to keep sand particles out. This filter may either be a type of screen hung inside the casing, or adding a layer of specially sized gravel outside the casing to filter out the sand. Both of these types of sand barriers can be used in open hole and perforated completions.
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Esters - Compounds formed by combination of acids and alcohols.
Piling - Long steel piles driven into the seabed to anchor fixed offshore structures solidly in place.
In addition to the four processes above, heaters and scrubbers are installed, usually at or near the wellhead. The scrubbers serve primarily to remove sand and other large-particle impurities. The heaters ensure that the temperature of the gas does not drop too low. With natural gas that contains even low quantities of water, natural gas hydrates have a tendency to form when temperatures drop. These hydrates are solid or semi-solid compounds, resembling ice like crystals. Should these hydrates accumulate, they can impede the passage of natural gas through valves and gathering systems. To reduce the occurrence of hydrates, small natural gas-fired heating units are typically installed along the gathering pipe wherever it is likely that hydrates may form.(signal oil & gas)
Tertiary - Period of geological time about 65 - 1.64 million years ago.
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Field - Geographical area under which an oil or gas reservoir lies.
In this episode of EnergyTomorrow Radio, API's Jane Van Ryan and Sara Banaxzak, with Bill Cooper of the Center for Liquefied Natural Gas, discuss the value and use of liquefied natural gas (LNG) as an energy source.
In order to process and transport associated dissolved natural gas, it must be separated from the oil in which it is dissolved. This separation of natural gas from oil is most often done using equipment installed at or near the wellhead.(signal oil and gas company)
BNOC - British National Oil Corporation set up 1976 abolished 1985.
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The One Call Program - All of the states have instituted what is known as a 'one call' program, which provides excavators, construction crews, and anyone interested in digging into the ground around a pipeline with a single phone number that may be called when any excavation activity is planned. This call alerts the pipeline company, which may flag the area, or even send representatives to monitor the digging.
Reserves: Probable - Reserves not yet "proven", but are estimated to have a better than 50% chance of being technically and economically producible.
Secondary Recovery - Recovery of hydrocarbons from a reservoir by increasing reservoir pressure by injecting gas or water into reservoir rock. (see also Primary and Tertiary Recovery.)(signal oil & gas)
PEDL - Petroleum Exploration and Development Licence. New single licence came into effect in 1995 (Seventh Round) for onshore UK Licensing.
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Coal - During Carboniferous period much of world was covered with vegetation growing in swamps. This vegetation died and became submerged under water. As decomposition took place, vegetable matter lost oxygen and hydrogen atoms, leaving a peat deposit with a high percentage of carbon. As time passed, layers of sand and mud settled from water over some of peat deposits. Pressure of these overlying layers, as well as movements of earth's crust and sometimes volcanic heat, acted to compress and harden deposits, thus producing coal.
We count on our cars to get us where we want to go, when we want to go. That sense of freedom is important to us, but we also want to be sure we do our best to conserve natural resources for future generations.
Licence Round - Period during which Government offers and then allocates a number of specified areas (Blocks or part Blocks) within its national boundaries.(signal oil and gas)
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